The current multi-country monkeypox outbreak, which started in Europe in early May 2022 and spread to more than 90 countries by August, has garnered worldwide attention and concern. Monkeypox is endemic to Africa, and the widespread transmission to so many non-endemic countries in such a short period of time has been unprecedented.

Drawing on Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) extensive experience treating children with TB, our authors unpack some of the most important challenges in diagnosing paediatric TB, and how the updated WHO guidelines could improve the situation to save many more young lives.